Course Content
🔬 Station 1 — Identification of Normal Blood Cells on Peripheral Smear
Learning Outcomes Identify normal RBCs, WBCs and platelets on a provided peripheral blood smear/image. Differentiate the major blood-cell lineages using their morphological features.
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Identification of Normal Blood Cells on Peripheral Smear
🔴 Station 2 — Abnormal RBC Morphology & Identification of Anemia
Learning Outcomes Differentiate normal from abnormal red blood cells on a peripheral smear. Identify common abnormal RBC shapes. Suggest the likely type of anemia from the provided RBC morphology.
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Abnormal RBC Morphology & Identification of Anemia
💊 Station 3 — Prescription Writing for Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Learning Outcomes Write an appropriate prescription for a patient at risk of developing iron-deficiency anemia. Select an appropriate iron preparation and provide clear instructions for its use.
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Prescription Writing for Iron-Deficiency Anemia
🩸 Station 4 — Safe Blood Transfusion & Recognition of Transfusion Reactions
Learning Outcomes Demonstrate the essential safety checks required before blood transfusion. Identify common transfusion reactions from a supplied clinical scenario. Describe the appropriate immediate response when a transfusion reaction is suspected.
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Safe Blood Transfusion & Recognition of Transfusion Reactions
⚪ Station 5 — Identification of White Blood Cells on Peripheral Smear
Learning Outcomes Identify the major types of white blood cells on a provided peripheral smear. Differentiate neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes using morphology. Recognize a smear demonstrating leukocytosis.
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Identification of White Blood Cells on Peripheral Smear
🔬 Station 6 — Microscopic Examination of Human and Animal Blood
Learning Outcomes Perform/interpret microscopic examination of provided human and animal blood specimens or images. Differentiate human from animal blood using the supplied microscopic features.
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Microscopic Examination of Human and Animal Blood
🔦 Station 7 — Examination of Blood Stains Under Ultraviolet Light
Learning Outcomes Demonstrate the correct approach to examination of a suspected blood stain using ultraviolet light. Recognize findings suggestive of a blood stain on the supplied material.
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Examination of Blood Stains Under Ultraviolet Light
🩸 Station 8 — Identification of Blood-Stain Patterns
Learning Outcomes Identify different blood-stain patterns from supplied specimens/images. Differentiate the presented patterns on the basis of their gross appearance.
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Identification of Blood-Stain Patterns
💉 Station 9 — EPI Vaccination, Route & Cold-Chain Assessment
Learning Outcomes Identify vaccines included in the Pakistan EPI schedule from provided material. Identify the appropriate route of administration of selected vaccines. Demonstrate/describe correct vaccine storage and maintenance of the cold chain. Recognize important contraindications to vaccination.
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EPI Vaccination, Route & Cold-Chain Assessment
🧪 Station 10 — Interpretation of Coagulation Tests
Learning Outcomes Interpret PT and APTT from provided laboratory results. Interpret bleeding time and clotting time. Use the pattern of abnormalities to identify the likely defect in hemostasis.
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Interpretation of Coagulation Tests
🩸🔬 AIM OSPE/OSCE Lab — Blood & Immunology-II Module | 3rd Year MBBS
AIM OSCE / OSPE • MBBS

🩸 Station 8 — Identification of Blood-Stain Patterns

Rapid Revision • Visual Recognition • Viva

🎯 Task

CANDIDATE TASK

Examine the supplied blood-stain specimens/images. Identify the demonstrated blood-stain patterns and differentiate them using their important gross visual features.

⚡ Model Station Answer

Passive drops: Usually discrete rounded stains; satellite droplets may be present.
Impact spatter: Multiple smaller droplets dispersed around an area, often with a radiating appearance.
Projected / arterial pattern: Larger stains occurring in linear, wave-like or repeated arc patterns.
Transfer pattern: Blood is deposited by contact with a blood-bearing surface, producing an impression, swipe or smear.

🔎 Stepwise Procedure / Approach

  1. Observe the entire stain distribution before focusing on individual droplets.
  2. Assess stain size — note whether the pattern consists mainly of large drops, small droplets or a mixed distribution.
  3. Assess shape — look for round, oval, elongated, irregular or smeared stains.
  4. Look for associated features such as satellite droplets, radiating dispersion, arcs, repeated waves or contact impressions.
  5. Assess arrangement — determine whether stains are isolated, clustered, projected in a direction or transferred across a surface.
  6. Correlate the gross appearance with the most likely pattern category.
  7. State the identification clearly and mention the strongest distinguishing gross feature supporting it.

🖼️ Visual Learning

VISUAL 1

Common Blood-Stain Patterns — Gross Comparison

🎥 Practical Video

How bloodstain pattern analysis works
Source: The Royal Institution

A concise forensic demonstration showing how the appearance and distribution of blood stains can be examined to recognize different bloodstain patterns


▶ Watch Practical Video

📝 Important Viva Questions

Q1. What is a blood-stain pattern?

Answer: It is the recognizable size, shape and distribution of blood stains produced when blood is deposited on a surface.
Q2. What is the typical gross appearance of a passive blood drop falling approximately vertically onto a smooth surface?

Answer: It is usually predominantly round, and small satellite droplets may occur around a larger parent stain.
Q3. What gross feature suggests impact spatter?

Answer: Multiple smaller droplets distributed or radiating away from an area are characteristic of an impact-associated spatter pattern.
Q4. How may projected or arterial-type blood staining appear?

Answer: It may form directional linear, wave-like or repeated arc-shaped stains produced by blood projected under pressure.
Q5. What is a transfer blood-stain pattern?

Answer: It is produced when a blood-bearing surface contacts another surface and leaves an impression, swipe or smear.
Q6. Which gross features should you assess before identifying a blood-stain pattern?

Answer: Assess the size, shape, distribution, directionality, satellite droplets, arcs and evidence of contact or smearing.
Q7. Why should a blood-stain pattern not be interpreted from one isolated feature alone?

Answer: Pattern identification depends on the overall combination of stain morphology and distribution; a single feature may be non-specific.

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