Course Content
💊 Station 1 — Prescription Writing for Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Learning Outcomes Write an appropriate prescription for a supplied case of pulmonary tuberculosis. Include the essential components of a complete prescription: drugs, dose, route, frequency and duration. Demonstrate rational and safe anti-tuberculous prescribing according to the supplied clinical scenario.
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Prescription Writing for Pulmonary Tuberculosis
⚖️ Station 2 — Differentiation of Hanging and Strangulation on a Model
Learning Outcomes Examine the provided model and differentiate hanging from strangulation. Demonstrate the important distinguishing features on the model. State the relevant medico-legal significance of the demonstrated findings.
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Differentiation of Hanging and Strangulation on a Model
⚖️ Station 3 — Identification of Different Types of Hanging on a Model
Learning Outcomes Examine the provided model depicting hanging. Differentiate the demonstrated types of hanging. Identify the features on the model that support the classification.
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Identification of Different Types of Hanging on a Model
😷 Station 4 — Identification and Correct Wearing of Respiratory Masks
Learning Outcomes Identify the different masks provided at the station. State their appropriate uses. Demonstrate the correct protocol for wearing the selected mask.
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Identification and Correct Wearing of Respiratory Masks
💨 Station 5 — Correct Use of a Metered-Dose Inhaler with Spacer
Learning Outcomes Demonstrate the correct stepwise use of a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer. Perform the steps in the correct sequence. Demonstrate appropriate coordination of inhaler actuation and inhalation using the spacer.
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Correct Use of a Metered-Dose Inhaler with Spacer
💊 Station 6 — Prescription Writing for Acute and Chronic Asthma
Learning Outcomes Write an appropriate prescription for a supplied acute or chronic asthma scenario. Select appropriate medication(s), dose, route, frequency and duration. Demonstrate safe and complete prescription-writing practice.
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Prescription Writing for Acute and Chronic Asthma
🚨 Station 7 — Prescription Writing for Status Asthmaticus
Learning Outcomes Recognize that the supplied scenario represents severe/status asthmaticus requiring emergency treatment. Write the appropriate emergency pharmacological prescription/order. Include appropriate drugs, routes and dosing instructions in a clear prescription format.
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Prescription Writing for Status Asthmaticus
📈 Station 8 — Interpretation of Spirometry in Asthma/COPD
Learning Outcomes Interpret a provided spirometry report. Identify an obstructive ventilatory pattern when present. Relate the spirometry findings to the supplied asthma/COPD clinical scenario.
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Interpretation of Spirometry in Asthma/COPD
🩺 Station 9 — Focused Assessment of an Asthma/COPD Patient
Learning Outcomes Perform a focused routine assessment of a patient with asthma or COPD. Identify important findings and relevant complications/red flags. Determine when specialist referral is required.
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Focused Assessment of an Asthma/COPD Patient
🩻 Station 10 — Identification of Common Abnormalities on Chest X-Ray
Learning Outcomes Examine a provided chest radiograph systematically. Identify and describe the major radiological abnormality demonstrated. Correlate the radiological finding with the supplied respiratory clinical scenario.
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Identification of Common Abnormalities on Chest X-Ray
🫁 AIM OSPE/OSCE Lab — Respiratory-II Module | 3rd Year MBBS
AIM OSCE / OSPE • MBBS

⚖️ Station 2 — Differentiation of Hanging and Strangulation on a Model

Rapid Revision • Practical Recognition • Medicolegal Viva

🎯 Task

CANDIDATE TASK

Examine the provided neck models and differentiate the findings of hanging from strangulation. Demonstrate the important distinguishing features and state their relevant medicolegal significance.

⚡ Model Station Answer

What to say in the exam

Hanging: The ligature mark is classically high in the neck, oblique and incomplete, usually ascending toward the knot and commonly lying above the thyroid cartilage.

Ligature strangulation: The mark is usually horizontal or transverse, lower in the neck and more completely encircling the neck, often with surrounding abrasion or bruising.

Associated clues: Dribbling of saliva may support hanging, whereas facial congestion, petechiae and soft-tissue injury of the neck are generally more prominent in strangulation.

Medicolegal significance: Hanging is most commonly suicidal and strangulation is most commonly homicidal, but the manner of death must be decided only after correlation with the scene, history and complete postmortem examination.

🔎 Stepwise Procedure / Approach

  1. Inspect both neck models systematically. First identify the ligature mark or area of neck compression without immediately assuming the diagnosis.
  2. Trace the direction of the mark. Look for an oblique upward course versus a horizontal or transverse course.
  3. Assess its level. Determine whether the mark lies predominantly above the thyroid cartilage or lower around the central neck.
  4. Assess continuity. Look for an incomplete mark or gap near the knot position versus a more complete circumferential mark.
  5. Examine the character of the mark. Hanging typically produces a dry, pale or parchment-like mark; strangulation may show greater abrasion, bruising or ecchymosis.
  6. Look for associated modeled findings. Note salivary dribbling if demonstrated, facial congestion or petechiae, and any associated neck or struggle injuries shown on the model.
  7. State the interpretation and medicolegal significance. Identify the pattern as most consistent with hanging or strangulation and explain that no single external finding alone establishes the manner of death.
Exam point: Describe these as classical or typical differences. Individual cases may show exceptions, particularly partial or atypical hanging.

🖼️ Visual Learning

VISUAL 1

Hanging vs Ligature Strangulation — Model Recognition

🎥 Practical Video

🎥 Practical Demonstration
09 Differences You Need to Know Between Hanging and Strangulation
Source: Forensic Medicine by Dr Krup

A focused examination-oriented comparison of the major forensic findings used to distinguish hanging from strangulation, useful for reinforcing ligature-mark recognition before the station.


▶ Watch Practical Video

 

📝 Important Viva Questions

Q1. What is hanging?

Answer: Hanging is constriction of the neck by a ligature in which the constricting force is produced by the weight of the whole body or part of the body.

Q2. What is ligature strangulation?

Answer: It is compression of the neck by a ligature tightened by an external force other than the weight of the body.

Q3. What are the classical differences between the ligature marks?

Answer: In hanging the mark is usually high, oblique and incomplete; in ligature strangulation it is usually lower, horizontal or transverse and more completely circumferential.

Q4. Why is the ligature mark usually oblique in hanging?

Answer: Because the ligature is pulled upward toward the point of suspension or knot by the weight of the body.

Q5. What is the significance of dribbling of saliva in hanging?

Answer: Salivary dribbling is a useful finding supporting antemortem hanging, although its absence does not exclude hanging.

Q6. What is the usual medicolegal manner of death in hanging and strangulation?

Answer: Hanging is usually suicidal, whereas strangulation is usually homicidal. These are general patterns and not absolute rules.

Q7. Can the manner of death be decided from the ligature mark alone?

Answer: No. The ligature mark must be interpreted together with scene findings, circumstances, other external and internal injuries and the complete postmortem examination.

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