📘 Step 1. Curriculum Coverage
🌍 Community Medicine
Environmental Health & Water
- Importance of environmental health.
- Environmental degradation: definition and classification.
- Water pollution: definition, health importance and types.
- Daily water requirements.
- Surface water, groundwater, shallow wells and deep wells.
- Natural, physical and chemical methods of water purification.
- Small- and large-scale filtration.
- Water purification in special circumstances.
- Physical and chemical water-quality parameters and permissible limits.
Air, Noise & Radiation
- Air pollution and criteria pollutants.
- Sources and permissible limits of air pollutants.
- Health effects and control of air pollution.
- Global effects: ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, smog and acid rain.
- Noise pollution, health effects, factors influencing hearing loss, acceptable standards and prevention.
- Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: types, adverse effects and prevention.
Waste & Environmental Sanitation
- Health importance of waste management.
- Water-carriage and conservancy systems.
- Solid-waste/refuse management.
- Hospital waste: definition, importance, classification, health impact, minimization and treatment.
- Waste-management trends in developing countries.
Disasters & Health
- Disaster management and classification.
- Mortality and morbidity from disasters and poorly managed relief.
- Pre-disaster preparedness.
- Immediate, intermediate and long-term post-disaster management.
- Preventive lessons from previous disasters.
- History of disasters in Pakistan.