📘 Step 1. Curriculum Coverage
🔬 Pathology
- Classify diabetes mellitus.
- Explain its diagnostic criteria.
- Explain mechanisms of insulin resistance.
- Explain mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction.
- Discuss the pathological basis and clinical significance of acute and chronic diabetic complications.
💊 Pharmacology
- Classify oral hypoglycemic drugs.
- Enlist euglycaemic drugs.
- Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of sulfonylureas.
- Explain the mechanism and clinical use of meglitinides.
- Explain the mechanism, uses and adverse effects of biguanides.
- Explain the mechanism, uses and adverse effects of thiazolidinediones.
- Explain the mechanism, uses and adverse effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors.
- Explain the mechanism and clinical uses of pramlintide, exenatide and sitagliptin.
- Apply relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of pancreatic hormones and their analogues.
🌍 Community Medicine
- Discuss the prevalence of diabetes globally and in Pakistan.
- Discuss modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.
- Explain epidemiological determinants.
- Discuss screening methods.
- Discuss primary, secondary and tertiary prevention and care of diabetes
🩺 Medicine
- Explain the different types of diabetes mellitus.
- Discuss insulin-resistance syndromes, including mechanism, presentation and management.
- Describe the clinical features of diabetes mellitus.
- Explain the diagnostic work-up of a patient with diabetes.
- Classify pharmacological approaches to diabetes treatment.
- Explain lifestyle modification in diabetes management.
- Discuss acute and chronic complications of diabetes mellitus without repeating the pathology framework.