Course Content
🔵 THEME 1 — Painful Swallowing
Focuses on anatomy, physiology, and disorders related to swallowing, including oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, and neural regulation of deglutition.
🔵 THEME 2 — Pain Epigastrium
Focus: Structural, functional, and clinical basis of epigastric pain. Includes abdominal wall, peritoneum, stomach, pancreas, gastric secretion, and peptic ulcer disease.
🔵 Theme 3 — Jaundice
🔵 Theme 4 — Diarrhoea and Constipation
🔵 Theme 5 — Bleeding Per Rectum
🔵 Theme 6 — Glucose Control (Carbohydrate Metabolism)
🔵 Theme 7 — Obesity (Fat Metabolism)
Gastrointestinal System (GIT) — Year 2 MBBS

📘 Step 1 — Curriculum Coverage

This section outlines integrated curriculum components covered in this topic. Delete subjects that are not relevant to this topic.

 

🔹 Biochemistry

 

  • Glycolysis

    • Definition and overall significance of glycolysis
    • Glucose transport into cells via GLUT transporters
    • Cellular location and sequential reactions of glycolysis
    • Key enzymes and energetics of glycolysis
    • NADH shuttle systems and regeneration of NAD⁺
    • Fate of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
    • Types of glycolysis with emphasis on anaerobic glycolysis
    • Regulation of glycolysis and rate-limiting steps
    • Special metabolic roles of glycolysis in RBCs and cancer cells
    • Clinical disorders associated with glycolytic pathway defects

    Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Complex

    • Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA as a link between glycolysis and TCA cycle
    • Structure and components of PDH complex
    • Enzymes and coenzymes involved in PDH complex
    • Reaction sequence and mechanism of PDH complex
    • Regulation of PDH activity
    • Clinical aspects and metabolic consequences of PDH deficiency

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Definition and physiological importance of gluconeogenesis
    • Major organs and cellular location of gluconeogenesis
    • Substrates used for glucose synthesis
    • Key enzymes and three bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis
    • Gluconeogenesis from fatty acids and amino acids
    • Cori cycle and metabolic integration between tissues
    • Regulation of gluconeogenesis during fasting and metabolic stress
     
     
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